ABSTRACT
The main objective of this study was to investigate whether orally administered Korean grain larvae ethanol extract (GLE) had a bifidogenic effect in normal rats. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into a negative control group (CO) and GLE orally administered (5.0, 7.0 and 9.0 mg/100 g body weight) groups. Thymus and spleen weights dosedependently increased by 128.58% and 128.58%, respectively, but abdominal fat decreased by 19.18% after GLE administration compared with that in the CO group (p<0.05). Serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and glucose decreased by 30.26%, 7.33%, 27.20%, and 6.96%, respectively, whereas highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol increased by 129.93% in the GLE groups compared with those in the CO group (p<0.05). IgG, IgM, IgA in the GLE groups increased 203.68%, 181.41%, and 238.25%, respectively, compared to that in the CO group (p<0.05). Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus increased by 115.74% and 144.28%, whereas Bacteroides, Clostridium, Escherichia, and Streptococcus decreased by 17.37%, 17.46%, 21.25%, and 19.16%, respectively, in the GLE groups compared with those in the CO group (p<0.05). Total organic acids, acetic acid, and propionic acid increased by151.40%, 188.09%, and 150.17%, whereas butyric acid and valeric acid decreased by 40.65% and 49.24%, respectively, in the GLE groups as compared with those in the CO group (p < 0.05). These results suggest that Korean GLE improves the bifidogenic effect by increasing cecal organic acids and modulating gut microflora via a selective increase in Bifidobacterium in normal rats.
ABSTRACT
The treated groups were as follows: 1) the control, 2) the antibiotics (8 mg of avilamycin kg-1 of diet) and 3) the pitamin (70 mg of pitamin kg-1 of diet) groups. Body weight gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency were significantly higher in the pitamin group than in the antibiotics and control groups (p<0.05). Carcass weight, dressing percentage, and the weight of breast and thigh muscle recorded significantly higher levels in the pitamin group as compared to the other groups (p< 0.05). The addition of pitamin to the diets for broilers reduced abdominal fat by 23.35% and stimulated the growth of the thymus, the spleen, and the bursa of Fabricius. TAG levels of the pitamin group declined by 12.03 and 10.45% as compared to the control and antibiotics groups, and their TC levels were reduced by 15.17 and 14.39%, and LDL.C levels were reduced by 10.56 and 11.24%, respectively. Serum IgG was increased significantly by 137.43 and 36.80% in the pitamin group as compared to the control and antibiotics groups, respectively (p< 0.05). The numbers of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus on the cecum digesta were significantly higher in the pitamin group than in the antibiotics and control groups and the numbers of Escherichia coli and Salmonella tended to be reduced (p<0.05). In conclusion, when Korean red pine bark extract, pitamin, was added to the broiler diets at a concentration of 70 mg of pitamin kg-1 of diet, it resulted in better growth performance as compared to the antibiotics by improving immunity and the cecal beneficial microfloral population.
ABSTRACT
The principal objective of this study was to determine the in vitro antibacterial activity of the water-soluble protein enzymatic hydrolysates and the ethanol (EtOH)-extracted fraction obtained from fly-maggots (Musca domestica L.) against MRSA (methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus) strains and VRE (Vancomycin-resistant enterococci) 5117 strain. The water soluble protein enzymatic hydrolysates were prepared via 4 or 8 hr of incubation after mixing with the water-soluble protein extracted from the fly-maggots plus thermolysin. The EtOH-extracts A was prepared by homogenizing after mixing with the fly-maggots plus pure EtOH at room temperature. The EtOH-extracts B and C was obtained via filtering after stationing for 24 hr at 4-20oC using the EtOH-extracts A, respectively. The growth inhibition curves for MRSA strain 3595 and VRE strain 5117 in the water-soluble protein enzymatic hydrolysates were increased and evidenced concentration-dependent inhibition in the 8-hr hydrolysate as compared with the 4-hr hydrolysate (p<0.05). The growth inhibition curves for MRSA and VRE strains in the EtOH-extracted fraction obtained from the fly-maggots were high in EtOH-extract C as compared with EtOH-extracts A and B (p<0.05). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) in the EtOH-extracts C, in which the growth inhibition of MRSA and VRE strains was increased, were determined to be 40, 50, 50, 60, 40 and 60 μg ml-1 in MRSA strains 3598, 3595, 3601, 3589, 3597 and 3595, respectively. While the butanol fraction obtained from EtOH extract C evidenced profound antibacterial activity against the MRSA and VRE strains, the antibacterial activity of the hexane, ethyl acetate, and water layers could not be adequately confirmed.